Degrading 3D information

ABSTRACT

A method is provided for degrading 3D information such as a 3D image file from its original form so that that the subject matter of the 3D image is altered in a way which prevents one from reverse engineering or manufacturing the subject matter of the 3D image while the degraded image is still identifiable or recognizable as that of the original 3D image. The degrading method selectively alters dimensions or relationships between portions or parts of the 3D image from their original form while maintaining the integrity and recognizablility of the image as that of which was in the original 3D image. The present method can be applied to both original CAD files as well as reduced or lightweight files produced from an original CAD file.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to a method for degrading an image, and inparticular, a method for degrading a three dimensional image.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Certain three dimensional (3D) information has to be publicly availableto reach its target audience, e.g. individual consumers and businesses.For example, 3D information includes images such as schematics ofmachinery to be used by those who service the machinery which is thesubject matter of the schematic. While the 3D information must beavailable to the public, at the same time, the 3D information needs tobe protected to lessen the chances that the 3D information will be usedfor unintended purposes, including reverse engineering or manufacturingthe subject matter of the 3D image.

The 3D information pertaining to a 3D image can be contained in atraditional computer aided design (CAD) file or a reduced, lightweightfile format which contains the 3D image but not all of the additionalcode present in a full CAD file, referred to herein as a native CADfile.

Protecting 3D information is becoming more and more essential ascompetition moves labor overseas and outsourcing becomes more prevalent.This trend results in the movement of intellectual property intocountries which may not support full protection of intellectual propertyrights or the countries may have local laws and courts which are slow toact to redress improprieties. Further, advances in computer networksearch engines allows one to locate 3D images on the Internet therebymaking those 3D images readily accessible to anyone with a computer anda connection to the Internet.

Systems such as certificates and 3D watermarks are currently being usedto add a minimum level of security or protection to the informationcontained in the 3D image. Unfortunately, these techniques do notprevent industrial reverse engineering, including unauthorized use ofthe image.

Effective methods of adequately protecting the subject matter of a 3Dimage/information, e.g. a part, is a complex problem. For example,protecting 3D models which are contained in a native CAD file currentlyinvolves restrictions in access to some of the data contained in thenative CAD files, creating alternate files which include barriers toprevent reconstruction access to parts of the original 3D CAD modelsthrough imports, and creating alternate files with barriers to preventreconstruction of the original 3D CAD model to other formats supportedby a software application.

Original or native CAD files contain a wealth of information, much ofwhich will never be made public. Critical information such as ProductManufacturing Information (PMI) and General Dimensioning & Tolerancing(GD&T) are often stripped from the original CAD file when generating apublic version of the 3D information made available to the public.

CAD files are often translated into lightweight files which aretypically more compact then the original CAD files. For example, curvesand surfaces are replaced by different types of entities depending onthe lightweight format, examples of lightweight formats include exact,hybrid and tessellated. Absent fundamentally altering the lightweightimage, even if information pertaining to dimensions of the subjectmatter is truncated when displayed, the geometry and precision can beaccessed in different ways. Further, truncation of dimensions ormeasurements rounded up or down is insufficient to prevent theunauthorized reverse engineering of the subject matter. For example,Acrobat3D® now uses the Okyz® technology to trap the list of graphicprimitives as they are sent to the graphic card. This enables Acrobat3D®to read any Open GL-based model with a good accuracy. A similar approachcan be successfully accomplished with DWF Writer®. An unauthorizedindividual wishing to reverse engineer the product can measure eachpart, one by one, by displaying the model at a very large scale with thezoom functions found in most software applications, when dimensions aremade unavailable.

Further, conventional authorizing software applications, e.g. 3D StudioMax®, can open export CAD data in the form of a lightweight model, toenable the complete reading of the original lightweight model.

One recent method for protecting the intellectual property of a 3D imageor shape, such as copyrighted data, is provided by U.S. Pat. No.6,678,378 ('378). The '378 patent is directed to an encryption andde-encryption method for limiting unauthorized access to a 3D shape. The'378 method of encryption prevents unauthorized access to the imagewithout entering a password or key to de-encrypt the encrypted file.Further, the encrypted file alters the original 3D shape data such thatthe encrypted 3D object can not be displayed in a meaningful way on acomputer screen or the like. Thus, the encrypted file is useless toanyone who does not have access to the password or a method ofde-encrypting the encrypted file.

There is a need in the art for new methods of protecting 3D images whichallow one to distribute the images and/or make the available to thepublic for viewing in substantially the original 3D form, whileprotecting the intellectual property contained within the 3D image.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention, in very general terms, concerns a method fordegrading portions of a 3D image which allow the image to be displayedin substantially its original form but the degraded form prevents theunauthorized use of intellectual property contained within the 3D image.For example, a portion of the 3D image may be modified such that theexact dimensions are altered, thereby preventing one from being able toreverse engineer and manufacture a part or product which is the subjectmatter of the 3D image. However, the present method does not so alterthe 3D image so that one still can view the 3D object, recognize itsform, and use the information contained in the degraded image for thepurposes of which the viewer is authorized.

The present method includes tools which enable one to protect private orproprietary 3D information by providing substituted 3D information whichis degraded from the original 3D information to limit the intended usesof the 3D information for the consumers and the businesses and toprevent unauthorized persons from using the 3D information forunauthorized uses such as industrial reverse engineering of the subjectmatter of the 3D information.

The processes and methods described herein can be applied in areas suchas disturbing scanned or numerical images for medical and/or patientprivacy, for oil exploration measures and for GIS topographical data.The present degrading method can be implemented on servers to enable thedegrading data requested from the external side of the firewall. Thisinvention applies to surface and volumetric 3D images such as the onesused in the medical field, oil exploration and GIS data.

According to one aspect of the invention, there is provided a method fordegrading 3D image data in which the method comprises selecting a nativedata file containing at least one 3D image comprising at least twoparts. The two parts include one or more constraint parameters selectedfrom the group consisting of the number of degrees of freedom andranges. One or more of the constraints are modified and one or morelevels of indirection in the metadata are created, to thereby form adegraded image file. The metadata can be separated if possible. It isnot a required element, but an important one.

In one advantageous form, relationships are created between the parts toform parent-child relationships if the two parts were previouslyindependent or previous parent-child relations are modified between theparts.

In accordance with another aspect of the invention, a method is providedfor degrading the image of a 3D part which includes analyzing a native3D part to determine elements of its geometry and dividing the 3D partinto one or more pieces based on its geometry. A number of scalars aredetermined for use on each piece based on the geometry of the piece. Thescalars can be applied to one or two or all three dimensions of thepiece. A random value is selected for each scalar and the dimensions ofthe piece are scaled using the scalar value. The pieces are reassembledin the same arrangement as in the native 3D part to form a reconstitutedpart as a degraded part.

Preferably, the method further includes applying a disturbance functionto vertices of the reconstituted part. In one form, the disturbancefunction comprises decreasing the number of bits which is used toquantatize the vertices of the reconstituted part or the disturbancefunction includes randomizing the vertices of the reconstituted part.

Preferably, the disturbance function is reversible via a complementaryfunction.

According to yet another aspect of the invention, there is provided amethod for degrading a 3D part which includes analyzing a 3D part todetermine elements of its geometry and dividing the 3D part into one ormore pieces based on the geometry of the part. A number of scalars areused on the geometry of the pieces and the scalars are applied to one orall three dimensions of the piece. A value for each scalar is randomlyselected and the dimensions of the piece are scaled using the scalarvalue. The pieces are reassembled in the same arrangement as the native3D part to form a reconstituted part. A disturbance function is appliedto the vertices of the reconstituted part to thereby form a degradedpart.

In accordance with yet another aspect of the present invention, acomputer readable medium, having computer executable instruction storedtherein for execution by a computer processor, the computer executableinstruction for degrading 3D image data for an image comprising at leasttwo parts, the instructions comprises the steps of:

modifying one or more parameter constraints of at least one of the partsof a 3D image, the parameter constraints selected from the groupconsisting of the number of degrees of freedom and ranges; and

creating one or more levels of indirection in the metadata to therebyform a degraded image file.

Preferably, the computer executable instruction further comprises:

-   -   (i) modifying a parent-child relationship between the at least        two parts, if the at least two parts have a parent-child        relationship with one another; or    -   (ii) creating one more relationships between the parts to form a        parent-child relationship, if the two parts previously were        independent.

In accordance with yet another aspect of the present invention, a systemis provided for degrading a 3D image, the method comprising:

-   -   memory; and    -   a processor, said processor for executing:    -   modify one or more parameter constraints of at least one of the        parts of a three dimensional image, the parameter constraints        selected from the group consisting of the number of degrees of        freedom and ranges; and    -   creating one or more levels of indirection in the metadata, to        thereby form a degraded image file.

According to another aspect of the present invention, a computerreadable medium having computer executable instructions stored thereinfor execution by a computer processor, the computer executableinstructions for degrading three dimension image data, said instructionscomprising the steps of:

-   -   analyzing a native three dimensional part to determine elements        of its geometry;    -   dividing the three dimensional part into one or more pieces        based on the geometry of the part;    -   determining the number of scalars to be used for each piece        based on the geometry of the piece, the scalars to be applied to        one, two or all three dimensions of the piece;    -   randomly selecting a value for each scalar;    -   scaling the dimensions of the piece using the scalar value; and    -   reassembling the pieces in the same arrangement as in the        original three dimensional part, to form a reconstituted part to        thereby form a degraded part.

According to yet another aspect of the present invention, a system fordegrading a 3D image comprises:

-   -   memory; and    -   a processor, said processor for executing:    -   analyzing a native three dimensional part to determine elements        of its geometry;    -   dividing the three dimensional part into one or more pieces        based on the geometry of the part;    -   determining the number of scalars to be used for each piece        based on the geometry of the piece, the scalars to be applied to        one, two or all three dimensions of the piece;    -   randomly selecting a value for each scalar;    -   scaling the dimensions of the piece using the scalar value; and    -   reassembling the pieces in the same arrangement as in the        original three dimensional part, to form a reconstituted part to        thereby form a degraded part.

According to another aspect of the present invention, a method isprovided for selectively degrading a 3D image, the method comprisesselecting a portion of a 3D image to degrade and degrading that selectedportion of the image.

Preferably, the degrading acts as a function of the amount of time adegrading function is applied to the portion.

Preferably, the degrading alters the image of the selected portion moreat a center of the selected portion. For example, the vertices of theimage at the center of the selected portion may be affected more thanvertices at the perimeter of the selected portion.

According to yet another aspect of the invention, a computer readablemedium having computer executable instructions stored thereon forexecution by a computer processor includes computer executableinstruction for selectively degrading a 3D image for which instructioncomprises selecting a portion of a 3D image to degrade and degradingthat portion of the image.

According to another aspect of the present invention, a system isprovided for selectively degrading a 3D image for which the methodcomprises:

-   -   memory; and    -   a processor, said processor for executing:    -   selecting a portion of a three dimensional image to degrade; and    -   degrading that selected portion of the image.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Further characteristics and advantages of the invention will be revealedmore fully in the following detailed description, provided by way ofexample and without restrictive intent, with reference to the attacheddrawings, in which:

FIG. 1 is a flow chart showing a method of degrading a 3D image file atan assembly level in accordance with the present invention;

FIG. 2 is a flow chart of a method of degrading a 3D image at a partlevel, in accordance with another aspect of the present invention;

FIG. 3 is a flow chart of a method of degrading a 3D image at theassembly level in accordance with another aspect of the presentinvention;

FIG. 4 is a flow chart of a method for degrading a 3D image at the CADlevel of a part, in accordance with another aspect of the presentinvention;

FIG. 5 is a screen-shot of an implementation of localized degradation ofa 3D object in accordance with another aspect of the present invention;

FIG. 6 is another screen shot of the implementation of the localizeddegradation of the 3D image of FIG. 5;

FIG. 7 is another screen shot of the localized degradation of the 3Dimage of FIG. 5;

FIG. 8 is another screen shot of the localized degradation of the 3Dimage of FIG. 5;

FIG. 9 is another screen shot of local degradation of the 3D image ofFIG. 5;

FIG. 10 is screen shot of localized degradation of another 3D image, inaccordance with another aspect of the present invention;

FIG. 11 is another screen shot of the implementation of localdegradation of a 3D image;

FIG. 12 is another screen shot of the implementation of localdegradation of a 3D image;

FIG. 13 is another screen shot of the implementation of localdegradation of a 3D image; and

FIG. 14 is another screen shot of the implementation of localdegradation of a 3D image.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The present invention, in a very general sense, concerns a novel methodof degrading information in 3D information such as a 3D information, andin particular, degrading 3D information in a 3D image file pertaining toan assembly and its parts which comprise the subject matter of the 3Dinformation. As noted, since the contents of CAD files are almost nevermade available to third parties, due to the size of CAD files and theirvalue, a lightweight model is created to repurpose the contents of theCAD file. This present degradation method selectively degrades portionsof the original 3D contents at different points in the process ofcreating a 3D image file, while producing a degraded image which isviewable by third-parties or and available for public use.

The degradation can be accomplished by creating a degradation of the 3Dimage or model before or during the transformation of some of thecontents of the CAD file into a lightweight model. Alternatively,degradation can be accomplished by creating a degradation of the 3Dmodel after an original lightweight model of the original CAD 3D modelhas been created without any degradation, except for the tessellationsof the geometry and any data which was not transferred into thelightweight format.

The present degradation method can be reversible or irreversible basedon the process selected and the desired reversibility of thedegradation. For example, the degradation process applied to thegeometry may be made reversible. Once the user has been identified, forexample with a certificate, the user can launch a reverse degradationfunction to gain access to the complete original 3D information. Thisprocess may involve, for example, a uniquely defined random function.

In one form of the reverse degradation function, a complement of thedegraded model is stored in a separate file and is made accessiblethrough a computer network once a security process has been correctlyexecuted by the authorized user.

Referring generally to FIGS. 1 and 2, the present degradation method canbe implemented to transform a lightweight model. The degradation processtakes place after the CAD model has been transformed into a lightweightmodel. The process can take place either at the assembly level (FIG. 1)or at the part level (FIG. 2).

Turning now specifically to FIG. 1, degradation method 100 of alightweight 3D model at the assembly level comprises choosing a formatof the lightweight model at step 110. The format of the 3D lightweightmodel hybrid product description does not permit one to reverseengineering parts at the exact geometry level. Further, it is impossibleto get some of the CAD construction tree or features from the hybridproduct description. Defining the level of tessellation is also animportant factor. Some example formats include hybrid formats such as JTfiles, smg files which can mix exact data and tessellated data or exactformats such as ACIS® and Paraasolid®.

At step 120, areas of the 3D image file not to be viewable in thedegraded file are selected as “black boxes”. Accordingly, data or imageswithin the black boxes will not be present in the degraded file. Forexample a “black box” can be created for a subassembly which is presentin the original 3D image. The resulting degraded file will modify theappearance of the subassembly by replacing its outer layer, so thatdetails of the subassembly are hidden.

At step 130, portions of the 3D image which are to be preserved in thefinal degraded model are selected as “white boxes”. Accordingly, data inthe white boxes will remain accessible after the completion of thedegradation process. For example, “white box” information may comprisethe overall dimensions of an engine of a motorbike to enable anauthorized viewer, e.g. a Tier 1 supplier, to do his or her job.However, the internal subassemblies of the engine will be degraded.

At step 140, relationships are created between parts, if previously,there were none. These relationships include parent-child relationships.

At step 150, the relationship between parents and children of objectswhich comprise the 3D model are changed. For example, the changedrelationship may include inverting parent and child, or selecting a newallowable parent as necessary or desired. This is described furtherbelow with regard to the degradation of a part which comprises a 3Dimage in method 200.

At step 160, if parts which comprise the 3D model include constrains,one or more of the these constraints between the parts, are modified.Such constraints include degrees of freedom or ranges. For example,ranges of constraints may be modified to let the user find easily thepart which he will need to open to get inside the product and recognizethe parts that he needs. Many objects are made to appear seamless, andmodifying the range or nature of the constraints facilitates the task ofthe consumer without resorting to anumation or a sequence or images

At step 170, indirections are created in the metadata. For example, theCAD data may comprise metadata such as information of a manufacturerpart identifying system. This information may be replaced by aproprietary identifying system in order to ensure that parts cannot beidentified from the degraded 3D image file and bought elsewhere such asfrom an unauthorized manufacturer or distributor. Part identifiers forlarge custom systems can be set up in unpredictable ways, to makeservicing by unauthorized individuals, such as third parties almostimpossible.

The present method 100 offers the possibility of merging the geometriesof a group of individual parts. This is more than a grouping. Thegeometry now represents the union of the parts and the original partscontained in this union grouping will be lost. This can be used, forexample, to represent a set of parts which are not available for sale. Alawn mower may have only certain parts available for sale, and if one ofthe other parts (typically large, essential parts) are broken, a newlawn mower will be need to be bought or an exchange program isavailable. The consumer benefits by having all the parts which he cannotbuy in a single object, and the object cannot be duplicated, because itcontains several parts likely composed of different materials.

Turning now to FIG. 2, method 200 is a process for degrading alightweight 3D model at the part level. Method 200 can be used togenerate a degraded 3D lightweight model which allows consumers toaccess the data of the lightweight model so as to be able to service thesubject matter of the 3D model and for other uses such as to order partsfrom viewing exploded views of the degraded file. No additional piece ofsoftware is necessary to view the degraded 3D image file. The processenables the user to access the information at the intended level. Suchlevel is determined by the owner of the intellectual property linked tothe 3D part. In an exploded view, each part is visible. With currenttechniques such as the one used by Acrobat3D®, the geometry of the partcould be captured and used to duplicate the part. The process forbids anunauthorized use of the information but is not preventing the intendeduse of the three dimensional images.

Degradation method 200 includes analyzing one or more parts whichcomprise a lightweight data file (step 210). One or more of the partsmay be cut into several pieces. The decision to cut a part into piecesis based on criteria involving general and local elements of thegeometry of the part. For example, the criteria may include the relativeorientation of surfaces, lathed shapes, number and position of holes,etc.

Next, each piece of the part is positioned in its local coordinates(step 210) to be scaled in each dimension according to scalars.

At step 220, a number of scalars are determined. The shape of the piecedefines the number of scalar numbers used in method 200. One scalar canbe selected which is applied to all three dimensions, X, Y, Z of thepiece of the part; two scalars can be selected where one of which isapplied to two dimensions; or three scalars can be selected, eachapplied to a single dimension. For example, a screw or a tube, which arecylindrical in shape, will have two scalar operations: the variouslengths parallel to the principal axis of the cylinder (Z), and thescale of the base of the cylindrical shape (X and Y remain inproportion, and a circle is not transformed into an ellipse). Differentprocesses for selecting scalar can be used. If the piece of the partdoes not contain holes, the 3 scalar are used. If the piece of the partcontains one conical or cylindrical hole, then 2 scalars are used, onebeing orthogonal, to the principal axis of the other and the otherscalar covering the two dimensions of the circles of the holes. When twoholes or more share the three dimensions of the piece of the part, thenonly one scalar may be used. This process can be refined by usinganisotropic changes in the XYZ coordinates of the space of the piece ofthe part.

At step 230, the value of each scalar is determined. This number iswithin a range straddling the unit (for example, 0.9 and 1.1), and has ndigits (for example, 0.91538659 is a number with 9 digits). The numberis created digit by digit at random. The first two digits are either 0.9or 1.0. The next digits are each between 0 and 9. Respective dimensionsof the part are scaled with the value of the respective scalar (step240). The combination of the transformations using the scalar(s) movescoordinates of points from x0, y0, z0 to x1, y1, z1.

At step 250, the pieces are now reassembled in the same arrangement asthey were in the original lightweight model file, i.e. of the originalpart, to form a reconstituted part. The reconstituted part has thegeneral shape of the original part, but with multiple scalar operationsperformed on subsets of the part.

During scaling of the individual parts/pieces, the dimensions of theindividual pieces are altered so that merely re-assembling the partswould lead to gaps or overlaps between the pieces. Therefore, in orderto ensure continuity between the pieces, step 250 accommodates theintroduced various is dimensions of the pieces.

For example, in a simple case, the part is divided, i.e. partitioned inpieces (step 210), using a simple plane (infinite), for example usingthe XY coordinates. Take a part along one of its principal axis and havea cutting plane orthogonal to that principal axis. As the cutting planemoves along the principal axis, it will generate two surfaces in eachcross section, one for each sub-part. Their areas might be equal, as inthe case of a block, or unequal as in the case of a shoulder on thepart. When they are unequal, it shows a natural discontinuity of thepart at this point.

The discontinuities can be ordered as a pair (distance along theprincipal axis, difference between surfaces) and this can be repeatedfor the two other principal axis. The resulting table for the three axiscan then be ordered and a decision be made as to which discontinuitiesare going to be exploited for the cut and the creation of subpart andthis can be used to select the points at which and the order in whichthe part will be cut along the 3 axis.

As the cutting plane moves through the part (step 210), it is alsopossible to store the rate of change of the surfaces (derivative) andkeep track of the discontinuities and of the sign change. Thesederivatives and higher order derivatives may be used in the decisionprocess for determining the position and the order of the cuts on the 3axis.

Another decision element is the counting of holes in the x, y and zdimensions as the plane moves through the chosen principal axis. Thisinformation may be used in complex parts to isolate holes or group ofholes which will likely use the same scalar value to avoid ellipticalshapes. Then, at step 240, the scalar values are applied as a followingstep to the partitioning of the part.

At step 260, a disturbance function is selected to be applied to thevertices of the reconstituted part. The selected disturbance functionwill subsequently be applied to the vertices of the reconstituted part.

The disturbance function is selected based on how the function willeffect the resulting 3D image. For example, the human eye is moresensitive to the way light is reflected (orientation in space of thenormals to the surface of the model) than to the accuracy of thegeometry of the model. Accordingly, using the desired disturbancefunction, the normals to the surface of the 3D model are not affected bypresent degradation via disturbance generators, to maintain a goodvisual perception of the degraded model. Such disturbances, which do notchange the convex curvatures of the 3D model can be added using a numberof techniques.

One disturbance function includes a technique to lessen the number ofbits which are used to quantize the vertices. This disturbance functiondegrades the image in a way which is irreversible. A second disturbancefunction comprises a user defining the level of accuracy (I). Thisaccuracy can be either an absolute accuracy or a relative accuracy tothe size of the model. If V represents the coordinate, then:V _(degraded) =I×(integer part of (V/I)

A third disturbance function includes randomizing the spatial positionof the vertices in the 3D image file. This disturbance function may bemade reversible with a key to the random generator.

At step 270, the disturbance function is applied to spatial position ofthe vertices of the reconstituted part. This moves the absolutecoordinates of the points of the reconstituted part from X1, Y1, Z1 toX2, Y2, Z2 to form a degraded part at step 180.

The application of the selected disturbance function (step 270)significantly affects the dimensions of the reconstituted parts.However, the degraded part maintains its visually perceivableappearance. Thus, the application of the disturbance function (step 270)does not excessively distort the parts. The application maintains thegeometrical relations which may be needed, for example, for vectorimages of exploded assemblies or animation.

It will now be apparent to one skilled in the art that method 200incorporates the use of three separate steps to make it much moredifficult to reverse engineer the degradation of the 3D model, namelycorrecting for randomization of vertices, finding each piece of the partand finding scalar values for the corresponding altered dimensions ofeach piece of the part. Further, the present degrading method makesreadings of the degraded 3D model through imports such as Acrobat3D® orDWF Writer® or exports such as 3D Studio® ineffective for the purpose ofindustrial reproduction while enabling the use of downstreamapplications.

It will now be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art that thepresent degrading method 200 hampers reverse engineering of parts whichcomprise the subject matter of a 3D image. For example, reverseengineering based on scaling per part is prevented by the calibration ofan edge using the present scaling method in which the part is dividedinto pieces, i.e. partitioned, before a scaling is made.

As an alternative to the partitioning method described above, a part canbe cut and scale iteratively following similar principles. In analternative method, a degrade function guarantees the uniqueness of thedegradation for each vertex, and for each dimension x, y, z in areferential shared by all the parts. For example, the X coordinate value3.211 will be transformed in the x coordinate value 3.2 whatever thevertex associated to that coordinate. If two cubes share the samevertex, they will remain attached to one another after degradation.

Referring now to FIG. 3, in accordance with another aspect of thepresent invention, method 300 provides degradation of the 3D data at theCAD level and in particular the assembly level.

At step 310, datums from the CAD file are eliminated to makerelationships within the CAD file more difficult to be understood. Atstep 320, “black boxes” are created to represent areas or data of theCAD information, which will not be viewable in the degraded model. Forexample, a subassembly of CAD model can be replaced by an outer layerrepresenting the subassembly, so that details of the subassembly arehidden.

At step 330, “white boxes” are created which correspond to areas of theCAD model which will remain accessible after the completion ofdegradation method 300. For example, if the CAD model is of a motorbike,the degraded CAD file will include the frame of the bike with dimensionsof the bike altered. However, the overall dimensions of the engine willnot be degraded to enable an authorized viewer, e.g. desired Tier 1supplier, to view the engine dimensions and thus be able to do his orher job. However, the internal subassemblies of the engine will bedegraded.

At step 340, relationships between parts and subparts of the CAD modelare created, as necessary, if there previously were none. At step 350,the relationship between parents and children objects of the CAD modelare changed. For example, some changes include inversing parent andchild, and selecting a new allowable parent.

At step 360, constratints between parts and subparts of the CAD modelpresent are modified. These constraints include degrees of freedom andrange.

It is often difficult to find how to take apart a product. Seams areoften hidden, finding the hinge or the pivot which open the product isoften quite difficult. Similarly, pressure must be exerted at the properpoint(s) for getting inside the product. For example, the range of ahinge may be decreased, so that the hinge can no longer be completelyclosed and so that the user will have no problem in finding where toopen his product. Similarly, it might be more advantageous to decreasethe number of degrees of freedom, so that the user will be able to moreeasily open the three dimensional image in the proper direction, even ifthe user is somewhat awkward with the mouse.

At step 370, indirections are created in the metadata in a manner asdescribed previously with regard to step 170 of method 100.

Referring now to FIG. 4, which pertains to another embodiment of thepresent invention, method 400 is directed to the degradation of a 3Dimage at the CAD level of a part.

At step 402, parameters of parametric equations of the CAD model arereplaced by numbers.

At step 404, dimensions on sketches which comprise the CAD model arealtered/changed, advantageously within a 5% to 10% range.

If the design intent is well done, basic inferred or explicitconstraints of a sketch will be supplemented by just enough dimensionsso that the sketch avoids being under constrained or over-constrained.

At step 410, the 3D model, e.g. its parts or subparts are cut intopieces.

At step 420, the number and the range of scalars to be used to representthe model are determined in a similar manner as described above withregard to step 220 of method 200.

At step 430, the value of each scalar for the dimension(s) of the modelare computed and at step 440, the value of the scalar is applied todimensions of the part of the model. At step 450, the pieces of the partare reassembled. At step 452, a low number of tessellations is chosen,for example, 5.

At step 460, disturbance function is determined or selected to beapplied to the vertices of the reconstituted part, as described above instep 260 of method 200. Next, at step 470, the determined disturbancefunction is applied to the vertices coordinates of the reconstitutedpart, to produce the degraded part at step 480.

Referring to all four methods, 100, 200, 300, 400, the degradationmethods can be a reversible or not. For example, a reversible functionmay be a random generator function with defined initial variables inwhich random values in [0 1] are multiplied with a parameter, P, whichis fixed by a user, and determines the level of degradation. The randomvalues are added to the vertices coordinates to add “noise”. The samerandom values may be generated by the user, and the process may besimply inverted by subtraction.

For example, a prior random generator function is one invented by D. H.Lehmer who also invented the multiplicative congruential algorithm,which is the basis for many of the random number generators in usetoday. Lehmer's generators involve three integer parameters, a, c, andm, and an initial value, x0, called the seed. A sequence of integers isdefined by xk+1=axk+c mod m. The operation “mod m” means take theremainder after division by m. For example, with a=13, c=0, m=31, andx0=1, the sequence begins with 1; 13; 14; 27; 10; 6; 16; 22; 7; 29; 5. .. . The first 30 terms in the sequence are a permutation of the integersfrom 1 to 30 and then the sequence repeats itself. It has a period equalto m−1.

The present reversible function generates different values for each X,Y, Z of vertices. This function is initialized at the beginning of theprogram with (X0, a, c, m) which constitute the defined initialvariables of the function m is the range of the generated values. Theprecision of value V is computed like this: Random=a*PreviousRandom+cmod m PreviousRandom=Random V_(Degraded)=V+(Random*P/m). Where P is thedesired precision parameter (degradation level). If X0, a, c and m areknown, the degradation may be reversed.

Three dimensional changes, e.g. between original and modifiedcoordinates may be stored in separated data files as lightweight deltafiles. In this case, the function does not need to be reversible. Manyfiles may be generated depending on the degraded parts or assemblies.These lightweight delta files can not be used alone.

For each degraded vertex part, delta values are stored in a file:

V is the original vertex

Vdegraded is the degraded vertex

DeltaVx=Vdegraded.x−V.x

DeltaVy=Vdegraded.y−V.y

DeltaVz=Vdegraded.z−V.z

If delta file is provide to the client, the client may restore originalvalues like this:

V.x=Vdegraded.x−DeltaVx

V.y=Vdegraded.y−DeltaVy

V.z=Vdegraded.z−DeltaVz

The present method can be used in different configurations. In onepreferred embodiment, the degraded file and the delta file are storedseparately in two different repositories. The access to the delta filescan be granted for each user for the set of parts for which he has theprivileges.

If a 3D lightweight model is an exact 3D image from the full 3D CADfile, the present degradation methods, 100, 200, 300, 400 may suppressfeatures from the construction tree for example and change the precisionof the nodes points. A feature may be a “hole feature” for example. Ifthe user decides to suppress “hole features”, holes will not appear onthe parts. The precision of the node points (Vertices) may be degradedas explained before.

The following is an example of the present degrading application inwhich a modified tree structure is created when generating a degradedimage of a clamshell structure. This example is intended to providedenhanced understanding of the present invention but in no way to limitits scope or breadth in any way.

A 3D clamshell structure contains a mechanism and some of the parts areusing the interior of the two shells to be properly positioned. Thecreator of the clamshell structure may want the end user to be able toopen the two shells of the clamshell so that the user can see all theparts, but the user will not be able to access the original treestructure which comprise the original 3D image file. Accordingly, usingthe present method, the original 3D image file which includes a treestructure for organizing the parts which comprise the image, are alteredto produce a degraded version of the 3D image file in which a modifiedtree structure is generated. Accordingly, in the degraded file, the usercan view the parts, associated with the right or the left shell, toaccess and identification of the part(s) at a low level of detail orpart in an exploded view, which the user can use for ordering the part,and the user may have a second, higher detail view of a part which theuser can use for servicing the part.

In a larger clamshell mechanism, for example, it might be advantageousto show three or more groupings of parts to have the parts inside eachgrouping relate to each other. For example, consumers without atechnical background may have difficulties understanding exploded views.The present use of a modified tree structure provides an alternative toconventional exploded views of 3D images of assembly/parts.

The present degrading methods can be implemented in any appropriatecomputer environment known to one of ordinary skill in the art whichincludes on a microprocessor computer, on a server, on a client computeror in a mixed network environment in which part of the method isconducted on a server and part is conducted on a client computer.

Referring now generally to FIGS. 5-14, in another embodiment of thepresent invention, a local degradation and reverse degradation functionis applied to a 3D shape and/or data relating to that shape,representing a 3D object.

In general, this local degradation is a method for localizing thedegradation of the accuracy of a 3D model. In this method a 3D brush,has a circular zone with a user-defined variable radius. In anadvantageous form, the effect of the tool is limited within the circularzone.

The 3D brush is moved on and around the 3D model displayed on a computerin the same way as a conventional two dimensional (2D) brush operateswhich will be readily understood by one of ordinary skill in the art. Aslong as the user presses on one of the mouse buttons, a keyboard key, ora combination of them, the accuracy of the part of the 3D modelcontained in the zone will decrease. Thus, the 3D brush acts as adegrader of the local geometry of the 3D model. The effect can bemodulated, so that vertices in the center of the brush may be moreaffected, and no effect happens on the immediate inside perimeter of thezone.

The effect of the tool may be cumulative: the longer the time the toolis used on an area, the lower the accuracy of the vertices. This can belimited to visible vertices, and/or to the parts selected, so that thecontext of these parts is not disturbed.

A user can define the proper settings as desired to address the specificobjectives and constraints of his project. A balance has to be madebetween a too light application of the 3D brush which would leave manydimensions too close to the original ones, and a too heavy one, whichwould create problems downstream in the proper expression of animationor other MVP assets.

In the following example, shown in computer screen shots of FIGS. 5-9,the decreasing accuracy of a seat of a 3D motorcycle is demonstrated. Pis a parameter of the tool, which is the desired precision, from littlealteration of the seat when P=2 mm (FIG. 5) to substantial distortion ofthe seat when P=50 mm (FIG. 9).

Turning now to a specific implementation of the method of the localdegradation, shown in the screen shot images of FIGS. 10-14, a graphicaluser interface is composed of a brush B which is a 2D zone of the 2Dview. The 2D zone is defined by the user. In this implementation, B is acircular zone with a radius R which can be changed. The brush B iscentered on the mouse cursor. When the user moves the mouse, the brushis moved. Optionally, a user can use a selection S function to select ofgeometries of the image such as its parts, volumes, surfaces, etc. Thepresent method includes an alteration function F and the ability tochoose different parameters for function F. Function F changes theprecision P of the 3D vertices of the tessellated geometry.

A user is presented with various options or actions to perform. Theseinclude selection S. In addition, the user can modify the size and formof the degrading brush, e.g. modify the of brush radius. Further, theuser can choose to alter Function F with its parameters (e.g. theprecision P).

During use, the user moves the brush over the 3D model. Degradation isonly performed when the user depresses the mouse left button. The usercan change the 3D point of view during the process, such as to pan,rotate, and zoom. Only S elements under the brush are affected by thedegradation. If S is empty, only objects under mouse cursor C areaffected.

The degraded part can be identified on the computer screen to highlightthe portion or part degraded from the portion(s) and parts not degraded.The level of degradation can be indicated by audibly. For example, as auser moves the cursor, a sound is made when the cursor is over adegraded part and no sound is generated when the cursor is over anon-degraded part. The pitch and the volume of the sound can reflect theamount of degradation.

In addition, the degradation can be indicated visual by altering thecolor or visual texture of the degraded part, on the computer screen tothereby enhance the perception that the portion has been degraded.

The following exemplar implementation of software code is intended toprovide a further understanding of the present invention but in no wayto limit the scope of the present invention.

F Possible Inputs:

-   1. 3D Vertices of S-   2. 3D Normals of S-   3. Topology of S: points, edges, curves, surfaces, volumes,-   4. R (brush radius)    F Outputs:-   1. Modified 3D Vertices of S-   2. Modified 3D Normals of S-   3. Modified Topology of S: points, edges, curves, surfaces, volumes    Pseudo-code of a Function F which Degrades 3D Vertices Precision:-   V is a vertex of S,-   Vero is the 2D projection of V in the 2D view,-   C is the 2D center of the brush (=the mouse cursor coordinates in    the view),

D=distance(Vero, C). If D >= R, the vertex is ignored (not processed)else {  Patt (Attenuated Precision) = P * D / R  V coordinates aredegraded in the following way :   V.x = Degrade( V.x, Patt, P )   V.y =Degrade( V.y, Patt, P )   V.z = Degrade( V.z, Patt, P )  with :   floatDegrade( float fValue, float fPAtt, float fP )   {   if(fValue > 0)   {    float fMainMin = (float) ((int) ( fValue / fP )) * fP;     floatfMainMax = fMainMin + fP;     float fSub   = (float) ((int) ( fValue /fPAtt )) * fPAtt;     if(fSub < fMainMin)       return fMainMin;    if(fSub > fMainMax)       return fMainMax;     return fSub;   }  float fMainMax = (float) ((int) ( fValue / fP )) * fP;   floatfMainMin = fMainMax − fP;   float fSub   = (float) ((int) ( fValue /fPAtt )) * fPAtt;   if(fSub < fMainMin)     return fMainMin;   if(fSub >fMainMax)     return fMainMax;   return fSub;   } }

The present degrading tool can be used to track changes made as a userdegrades a part or assembly. The present degrading tool can synchronizea degraded assembly with its corresponding original assembly so that asubsequent user does not have to repeat the manual steps. To achievethis result, information about the degrading process is stored, but thedegraded part is not. The stored information may include theenvironment; e.g. camera position, orientation, etc.; the parameterschosen for the degrading tool, the trajectory of the cursor and theparameters of the 3D viewpoint.

It will now be readily apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art thatthe present degradation method can be applied using automated tools toalter a 3D image which is visually perceivable by the human eye as agood representation of the original 3D image. For example, since thehuman eye is very good at finding symmetries and imbalances insymmetries, which can affect an outer shape or the concentricity of twocylindrical objects, design intents of the present degradation methodrelated to symmetry or concentricity cannot be substantially eliminated;they can be somewhat skewed. Therefore, advantageously, only the size ofthe parts are changed by the degradation method.

It will now be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art that thepresent degrading method offers features and advantages from priormethods of protecting the intellectual property of 3D images. Thepresent method allows for the distribution of 3D images which areviewable in essentially their original form so that one can recognizeand use the information of the 3D image as desired by the creator of the3D image. Accordingly, it will be understood by one of ordinary skill inthe art that the present degrading method is distinguishable from priorencryption methods in that the present degrading method allows one toview authorized portions of the 3D image in essentially their originalform unlike encryption methods which completely alter the 3D image, andthereby prevent access and viewing of the image without de-encryptingthe image file first.

It will now be readily apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art thatthe present degradation method can be applied using automated tools toalter a 3D image which is visually perceivable by the human eye as agood representation of the original 3D image. For example, since thehuman eye is very good at finding symmetries and imbalances insymmetries, which can affect an outer shape or the concentricity of twocylindrical objects, design intents of the present degradation methodrelated to symmetry or concentricity cannot be substantially eliminated;they can be somewhat skewed. Therefore, advantageously, only the size ofthe parts are changed by the degradation method.

A further feature of the present degrading method is provided byaltering portions of the 3D image file so that one cannot reverseengineer or manufacture the subject matter, i.e. part or parts of theimage file due to the present degrading function which alters dimensionsor the form of various portions of the original 3D image.

Although the invention has been described above in relation to preferredembodiments thereof, it will be understood by those skilled in the artthat variations and modifications can be affected in these preferredembodiments without departing from the scope and spirit of theinvention.

1. A method of degrading three dimension image data, said methodcomprising: selecting a native data file containing at least one threedimensional image comprising at least two parts, said at least two partscomprising one or more constraint parameters selected from the groupconsisting of the number of degrees of freedom and ranges; modify one ormore constraints of at least one of the two parts; and creating one ormore levels of indirection in the metadata, to thereby form a degradedimage file.
 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising creatingrelationships between the parts to form parent-child relationships,where the two parts previously were independent.
 3. The method of claim1, wherein said at least two parts form a parent-child relationship withone another, and said method further comprises modifying theparent-child relationship between said at least two parts.
 4. The methodof claim 1, further comprising selecting at least one of said at leasttwo parts in the native data file which will not be present in thedegraded image file.
 5. The method of claim 1, further comprisingselecting at least one of the at least two parts in the native data filewhich will not be altered from its native form present in the degradedfile.
 6. The method of claim 1, wherein said native data file is a CADfile and said method further comprises converting the CAD file into areduced representation of the three dimensional image of the CAD datafile, as a lightweight file which contains the three dimensional imagein an unaltered form.
 7. The method of claim 1, wherein said native datafile is a CAD file and said method further comprises selectivelyremoving data from the CAD file.
 8. A method of degrading the image of anative three dimensional part, said method comprising: analyzing anative three dimensional part to determine elements of its geometry;dividing the three dimensional part into one or more pieces based on thegeometry of the part; determining the number of scalars to be used foreach piece based on the geometry of the piece, the scalars to be appliedto one, two or all three dimensions of the piece; randomly selecting avalue for each scalar; scaling the dimensions of the piece using thescalar value; and reassembling the pieces in the same arrangement as inthe native three dimensional part, to form a reconstituted part tothereby form a degraded part.
 9. The method of claim 8, furthercomprising applying a disturbance function to the vertices of thereconstituted part.
 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the disturbancefunction comprises decreasing the number of bits which are used toquantize the vertices of the reconstituted part.
 11. The method of claim9, wherein the disturbance function comprises randomizing the verticesof the reconstituted part.
 12. The method of claim 8, wherein thedisturbance function is reversible via a complementary function.
 13. Themethod of claim 8, further comprising replacing parameters of parametricequations which comprise the native three dimensional part, by varyingdegrees of freedom of the part.
 14. The method of claim 8, furthercomprising changing dimensions on sketches which comprise the nativethree dimensional part.
 15. The method of claim 14, wherein thedimensions on the sketches are changed with a range of 5% to 10%. 16.The method of claim 8, wherein after said reassembling the pieces step,the part is contained in a CAD file which is subsequently converted to areduced representation, as a lightweight file.
 17. A method of degradingthe image of a three dimensional part, said method comprising: analyzinga native three dimensional part to determine elements of its geometry;dividing the three dimensional part into one or more pieces based on thegeometry of the part; determining the number of scalars to be used foreach piece based on the geometry of the piece, the scalars to be appliedto one, two or all three dimensions of the piece; randomly selecting avalue for each scalar; scaling the dimensions of the piece using thescalar value; reassembling the pieces in the same arrangement as in theoriginal three dimensional part, to form a reconstituted part; andapplying a disturbance function to the vertices of the reconstitutedpart, to thereby form a degraded part.
 18. The method of claim 17,wherein the disturbance function comprises decreasing the number of bitswhich are used to quantize the vertices of the reconstituted part. 19.The method of claim 17, wherein the disturbance function comprisesrandomizing the vertices of the reconstituted part.
 20. The method ofclaim 17, wherein the disturbance function is reversible via acomplementary function.
 21. The method of claim 17, further comprisingreplacing parameters of parametric equations which comprise the nativethree dimensional part, by varying constraints of the part.
 22. Themethod of claim 17, further comprising changing dimensions on sketcheswhich comprise the native three dimensional part.
 23. The method ofclaim 22, wherein the dimensions on the sketches are changed with arange of 5% to 10%.
 24. The method of claim 17, wherein after saidreassembling the pieces step, the part is contained in a CAD file whichis subsequently converted to a reduced representation, as a lightweightfile.
 25. The method of claim 8, wherein said determining the number ofscalars is selected from the group consisting of: (i) three scalars, onescalar for each of the three dimensions; (ii) two scalars, one scalarfor one of the three dimensions and the other scalar for the second andthird three dimensions; (iii) one scalar applied to all threedimensions; and (iv) three scalars, each applied to a single dimension.26. The method of claim 17, wherein said determining the number ofscalars is selected from the group consisting of: (i) three scalars, onescalar for each of the three dimensions; (ii) two scalars, one scalarfor one of the three dimensions and the other scalar for the second andthird three dimensions; (iii) one scalar applied to all threedimensions; and (iv) three scalars, each applied to a single dimension.26. The method of claim 1, wherein said constraint ranges comprisesdegrees of freedom.
 27. The method of claim 1, wherein the degradedimage file can be restored to reproduce the original three dimensionalimage using a reverse degradation function.
 28. A computer readablemedium having computer executable instructions stored therein forexecution by a computer processor, the computer executable instructionsfor degrading three dimension image data for an image comprising atleast two parts, said instructions comprising the steps of: modify oneor more parameter constraints of at least one of the parts of a threedimensional image, the parameter constraints selected from the groupconsisting of the number of degrees of freedom and ranges; and creatingone or more levels of indirection in the metadata, to thereby form adegraded image file.
 29. The computer readable medium of claim 28,wherein said computer executable instructions further comprises: (i)modifying a parent-child relationship between the at least two parts, ifthe at least two parts have a parent-child relationship with oneanother; or (ii) creating one more relationships between the parts toform a parent-child relationship, if the two parts previously wereindependent.
 30. A system for degrading a three dimensional image, saidsystem comprising: memory; and a processor, said processor forexecuting: modify one or more parameter constraints of at least one ofthe parts of a three dimensional image, the parameter constraintsselected from the group consisting of the number of degrees of freedomand ranges; and creating one or more levels of indirection in themetadata, to thereby form a degraded image file.
 31. A computer readablemedium having computer executable instructions stored therein forexecution by a computer processor, the computer executable instructionsfor degrading three dimension image data, said instructions comprisingthe steps of: analyzing a native three dimensional part to determineelements of its geometry; dividing the three dimensional part into oneor more pieces based on the geometry of the part; determining the numberof scalars to be used for each piece based on the geometry of the piece,the scalars to be applied to one, two or all three dimensions of thepiece; randomly selecting a value for each scalar; scaling thedimensions of the piece using the scalar value; and reassembling thepieces in the same arrangement as in the original three dimensionalpart, to form a reconstituted part to thereby form a degraded part. 32.The method of claim 31, wherein said instructions further comprisesapplying a disturbance function to the vertices of the reconstitutedpart.
 33. The method of claim 32, wherein the disturbance functioncomprises decreasing the number of bits which are used to quantize thevertices of the reconstituted part.
 34. The method of claim 32, whereinthe disturbance function is reversible via a complementary function. 35.The method of claim 31, wherein said instructions further comprises,after said reassembling the pieces step, converting the part containedin a CAD file into a reduced representation, as a lightweight file. 36.A system for degrading a three dimensional image, said systemcomprising: memory; and a processor, said processor for executing:analyzing a native three dimensional part to determine elements of itsgeometry; dividing the three dimensional part into one or more piecesbased on the geometry of the part; determining the number of scalars tobe used for each piece based on the geometry of the piece, the scalarsto be applied to one, two or all three dimensions of the piece; randomlyselecting a value for each scalar; scaling the dimensions of the pieceusing the scalar value; and reassembling the pieces in the samearrangement as in the original three dimensional part, to form areconstituted part to thereby form a degraded part.
 37. The system ofclaim 36, wherein said processor further applying a disturbance functionto the vertices of the reconstituted part.
 38. A method for selectivelydegrading a three dimensional image, said method comprising: selecting aportion of a three dimensional image to degrade; and degrading theselected portion of the image.
 39. The method of claim 38, wherein saidselecting a portion comprises selecting a portion of a three dimensionalimage displayed in two dimensions.
 40. The method of claim 38, whereinsaid selecting a portion comprises first selecting a zone of the threedimensional image and second, selecting a part contained in the zone todegrade.
 41. The method of claim 38 wherein said degrading the selectedportion comprises moving a cursor device over the three dimensionalportion.
 42. The method of claim 38, wherein said degrading comprisesvisually indicating the portion has been degraded.
 43. The method ofclaim 42, wherein the visual indication comprises one of altering thecolor or visual texture of the degraded part, to thereby enhance theperception that the portion has been degraded.
 44. The method of claim38 wherein said degrading acts a function of the amount of time adegrading function is applied to the portion.
 45. The method of claim38, wherein said degrading alters the image of the selected portion moreat a center of the selected portion.
 46. The method of claim 45, whereinvertices of the image at the center of the selected portion are affectedfor than vertices at the perimeter of the selected portion.
 47. Acomputer readable medium having computer executable instructions storedtherein for execution by a computer processor, the computer executableinstructions for selectively degrading a three dimensional image, saidmethod comprising: selecting a portion of a three dimensional image todegrade; and degrading that selected portion of the image.
 48. Thecomputer readable medium of claim 47, wherein said instruction fordegrading the selected portion acts a function of the amount of time adegrading function is applied to the portion.
 49. The method of claim48, wherein said instruction for degrading the selected portion altersthe image of the selected portion more at a center of the selectedportion.
 50. The method of claim 49, wherein said instruction fordegrading the selected portion degrades the vertices of the image at thecenter of the selected portion more than vertices at the perimeter ofthe selected portion.
 51. A system for selectively degrading a threedimensional image, said system comprising: memory; and a processor, saidprocessor for executing: selecting a portion of a three dimensionalimage to degrade; and degrading that selected portion of the image. 52.The system of claim 51, further comprising an input device for moving acursor around a display screen.
 53. The system of claim 52, wherein saidinput device comprises a mouse.